Total marks: 84 · Duration: 105 minutes
Instructions to candidates
• Answer ALL questions in Section A and Section B. • Section A tests your knowledge of America, 1920–1973: Opportunity and inequality (50 marks). • Section B tests your knowledge of Conflict and tension between East and West, 1945–1972 (34 marks, including 4 marks for spelling, punctuation, grammar and specialist terminology in Question 08). • Write your answers in black ink or ball-point pen. • You are advised to spend approximately 60 minutes on Section A and 45 minutes on Section B. • The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
Paper
Section A — America, 1920–1973: Opportunity and inequality (50 marks)
Study Source A and then answer Questions 01–04 that follow.
Source A: An extract from a speech by President Harry S. Truman, 1948
"Everybody knows that I recommended to the Congress the civil rights program. I did so because I believed it to be my duty under the Constitution. Some of the members of my own party disagree with me violently on this matter. But they stand up and do it politely — they call me a traitor to the South. I am not a traitor to anything. I am the President of the whole United States. I am doing what I think is right, and I am going to continue to do so."
Question 01
How useful is Source A to a historian studying attitudes towards civil rights in the 1940s?
Explain your answer using Source A and your contextual knowledge.
(8 marks)
Question 02
Explain one way in which the position of African Americans was different in the 1920s compared with the 1950s.
(4 marks)
Question 03
Write an account of how the economic boom of the 1920s affected American society.
(8 marks)
**Study Source B and then answer Question 04.
Source B: A photograph from 1957 showing Elizabeth Eckford, one of the 'Little Rock Nine', walking past a crowd of white students and adults outside Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. The photograph shows hostile white protesters shouting at her. National Guard troops had been ordered by the Governor of Arkansas to prevent the nine African American students from entering the school.
Question 04
Explain the importance of events at Little Rock in 1957 for the development of the civil rights movement.
You may use the following in your answer:
- Governor Faubus
- President Eisenhower
You must also use information of your own.
(12 marks)
Question 05
'The main reason for the continuing inequality faced by African Americans in the 1960s was the activities of groups such as the Ku Klux Klan.'
How far do you agree with this statement?
You may use the following in your answer:
- the Ku Klux Klan
- economic factors
You must also use information of your own.
(18 marks)
Section B — Conflict and tension between East and West, 1945–1972 (34 marks)
Study Source C and then answer Questions 06–08 that follow.
Source C: From a telegram sent by the American Ambassador in Moscow, George Kennan, to the US government in February 1946 (known as the 'Long Telegram')
"At the bottom of the Kremlin's view of world affairs is the traditional Russian sense of insecurity. The Soviet leaders have learned to seek security only in patient but deadly struggle for the total destruction of rival power. This means they will use every means possible to infiltrate, divide and weaken the West. We must approach the Soviet Union with the same caution we would a deadly disease."
Question 06
How useful is Source C to a historian studying the reasons for the breakdown of the Grand Alliance?
Explain your answer using Source C and your contextual knowledge.
(8 marks)
Question 07
Explain one way in which superpower involvement in Korea (1950–53) was similar to superpower involvement in Vietnam (1954–68).
(4 marks)
Question 08
'The main reason for increased tension between East and West in the years 1958–62 was the Berlin Crisis.'
How far do you agree with this statement?
You may use the following in your answer:
- the construction of the Berlin Wall (1961)
- the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
You must also use information of your own.
(18 marks + 4 marks for SPaG)