Total marks: 100 · Duration: 1 hour 45 minutes
Instructions to candidates
• Answer all questions. • Use black ink or black ball-point pen. • The marks for each question are shown in brackets [ ]. • You should answer the extended-response questions in continuous prose, and you will be assessed on the quality of your written communication in these. • You may use a calculator. • The total number of marks for this paper is 100. • This paper assesses Social influence, Language, thought and communication, Brain and neuropsychology and Psychological problems. Research methods are assessed throughout. • All information you need is contained within the questions; no insert is required.
Paper
Section A — Social influence (25 marks)
1. (a) Explain what is meant by conformity. [2]
(b) Outline one situational factor and one dispositional factor that affect conformity. [4]
2. Read the item below and then answer the questions that follow.
In a study of bystander behaviour, a researcher arranged for a man to "collapse" on a busy shopping street. On 20 occasions he wore a smart suit, and on 20 occasions he wore torn, dirty clothes. Help was offered within one minute on 17 occasions when he wore the suit, but on only 6 occasions when he wore the dirty clothes.
(a) Calculate the percentage of occasions on which help was offered when the man wore the suit. Show your workings. [2]
(b) Identify the type of experiment used in this study and give one strength of using this type of experiment here. [3]
(c) Using your knowledge of factors affecting bystander intervention, explain the results of this study. [3]
(d) Identify one ethical issue raised by this study and explain how the researcher could deal with it. [2]
3. Discuss what Milgram's research tells us about obedience. Refer to evaluation in your answer. [9]
Section B — Language, thought and communication (25 marks)
4. (a) Outline the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. [2]
(b) Explain one piece of evidence that supports the idea that language affects thought, and one criticism of this idea. [4]
5. Explain two differences between human and animal communication. Use an example of animal communication in your answer. [4]
6. Jas has a job interview. She sits with her arms folded, avoids eye contact and leans away from the interviewers.
(a) Identify two types of non-verbal communication that Jas is showing. [2]
(b) Explain how the interviewers might interpret Jas's non-verbal communication, and why. [4]
7. Evaluate the evolutionary explanation of non-verbal behaviour, referring to research evidence. [9]
Section C — Brain and neuropsychology (25 marks)
8. (a) Name the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and state one function of each. [4]
(b) Explain the James–Lange theory of emotion. Use an example in your answer. [3]
9. The table shows the number of words recalled on a memory test by two groups of participants. One group had slept for 8 hours the night before; the other had slept for 4 hours.
| Participant | 8 hours sleep | 4 hours sleep |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 14 | 9 |
| 2 | 12 | 11 |
| 3 | 15 | 8 |
| 4 | 11 | 10 |
| 5 | 13 | 7 |
(a) Calculate the mean number of words recalled by each group. [2]
(b) Calculate the range for the 4-hour group. [1]
(c) What do the results suggest about the effect of sleep on memory? [1]
10. Describe the process of synaptic transmission. [4]
11. Discuss how Penfield's study of the interpretive cortex and Tulving's "gold" memory study contribute to our understanding of localisation of function in the brain. [10]
Section D — Psychological problems (25 marks)
12. (a) Identify two symptoms of clinical depression as described in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). [2]
(b) Distinguish between unipolar and bipolar depression. [2]
13. Explain how a psychologist using the biological approach and a psychologist using the psychological approach might explain depression. [6]
14. Read the item below and then answer the questions that follow.
Daniel, aged 24, has been gambling online for three years. He now needs to bet larger amounts to feel the same excitement. When he tries to stop, he feels irritable and cannot sleep. Several of his friends also gamble.
(a) Using the item, identify two features of addiction that Daniel is showing. [2]
(b) Explain how social learning theory could account for Daniel's gambling. [4]
15. Evaluate cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and antidepressant medication as treatments for depression. [9]