Total marks: 60 · Duration: 1 hour 30 minutes
Instructions to candidates
• Answer all questions. • Use black ink or black ball-point pen. • The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. • Refer to the data provided where a question asks you to. • The total number of marks for this paper is 60. • All the data and tables you need are printed within the questions; any landform referred to is one you are asked to describe or explain, not to look at in an image.
Paper
Section A — Structured Questions (44 marks)
1. Coastal landscapes
(a) State what is meant by coastal erosion. [2]
(b) Explain how a headland and bay coastline forms where there are bands of hard and soft rock. [4]
(c) Explain how a spit is formed by the process of longshore drift. [4]
2. Ecosystems: tropical rainforest
(a) State two features of the climate of a tropical rainforest. [2]
(b) Explain how plants in a tropical rainforest are adapted to the conditions. Give two adaptations. [4]
(c) Explain two causes of deforestation in tropical rainforests. [4]
3. Urban environments
The table shows the growth of a megacity in a lower-income country.
| Year | Population (millions) |
|---|---|
| 1990 | 6 |
| 2010 | 14 |
| 2030 (projected) | 24 |
(a) Using the data, describe how the population of the megacity is changing. [2]
(b) Explain two reasons why cities in lower-income countries are growing so quickly. [4]
(c) Explain two challenges that rapid urban growth can create for people living in a megacity. [6]
4. Climate change
(a) State what is meant by the greenhouse effect. [2]
(b) Explain two human activities that are increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. [4]
(c) Explain two ways in which the effects of climate change could be reduced or managed. [6]
Section B — Extended Response (16 marks)
5. "Rapid urban growth in lower-income countries brings more problems than benefits."
Discuss this statement, considering both the opportunities and the challenges of urban growth. Reach a supported conclusion. [16]