Total marks: 60 · Duration: 1 hour 30 minutes
Instructions to candidates
• Answer all questions. • Use black ink or black ball-point pen. • The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. • Where a question asks you to use data, refer to the figures given. • The total number of marks for this paper is 60. • All the data and tables you need are printed within the questions; any diagram referred to is one you are asked to describe or sketch yourself.
Paper
Section A — Structured Questions (44 marks)
1. Coastal landscapes
(a) State what is meant by coastal erosion. [2]
(b) Explain how a headland and bay form along a coastline made of alternating bands of hard and soft rock. [4]
(c) Describe how longshore drift transports material along a coast. [4]
2. Coastal management
The table shows the cost and lifespan of two coastal defence methods.
| Method | Cost per metre ($) | Approx. lifespan (years) |
|---|---|---|
| Sea wall | 6,000 | 50 |
| Beach nourishment | 500 | 5 |
(a) Using the table, calculate how many times more expensive per metre a sea wall is than beach nourishment. [2]
(b) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of using a sea wall to protect a coastline. [4]
(c) Beach nourishment is an example of soft engineering. Explain one advantage of soft engineering compared with hard engineering. [4]
3. Urban change
The table shows the percentage of people living in urban areas in a country.
| Year | Urban population (%) |
|---|---|
| 1980 | 30 |
| 2000 | 48 |
| 2020 | 66 |
(a) Describe the change in the urban population shown in the table. [2]
(b) Explain two reasons why people move from rural areas to cities in many countries. [4]
(c) Explain two problems that the rapid growth of cities can cause. [6]
4. Development and resources
(a) State what is meant by development. [2]
(b) Explain two reasons why some countries are less economically developed than others. [4]
(c) Explain how the use of a resource, such as water or energy, can be made more sustainable. [6]
Section B — Extended Response (16 marks)
5. "The growth of cities brings more problems than benefits."
Discuss this statement. In your answer you should consider the benefits and the problems of urban growth, refer to examples, and reach a supported conclusion. [16]