Total marks: 60 · Duration: 1 hour 30 minutes
Instructions to candidates
• Answer all questions. • Use black ink or black ball-point pen. • The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. • You may use a calculator. • Refer to the data provided where a question asks you to. • The total number of marks for this paper is 60. • All the studies and data you need are described within the questions.
Paper
Section A — Structured Questions (44 marks)
1. Perception
(a) State what is meant by the term perception. [2]
(b) Explain the difference between a visual illusion and normal perception, using one example of an illusion. [4]
(c) Explain two factors that can affect how a person perceives something (for example, expectation or context). [4]
2. Attachment
(a) State what is meant by attachment. [2]
(b) Describe two ways in which a caregiver and infant show that an attachment has formed. [4]
(c) Explain one effect that a failure to form an attachment (privation/deprivation) could have on a child's later development. [4]
3. Sleep and dreaming
The table shows the average amount of sleep needed at different ages.
| Age group | Average sleep needed per night (hours) |
|---|---|
| Newborn | 16 |
| Teenager | 9 |
| Adult | 8 |
(a) Using the data, describe how the amount of sleep needed changes with age. [2]
(b) Explain two reasons why sleep is important for humans. [4]
(c) Explain one theory of why we dream. [6]
4. Research methods
(a) State what is meant by a hypothesis. [2]
(b) Explain the difference between quantitative data and qualitative data, giving an example of each. [4]
(c) Explain two ethical issues a psychologist must consider when carrying out research on people, and how each can be dealt with. [6]
Section B — Extended Response (16 marks)
5. Discuss whether psychology should be regarded as a science. Refer to psychological research methods and evidence, and reach a supported conclusion. [16]