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CIE · IGCSE · Geography · Revision Notes

Geographical Investigations

124 words · Last updated July 2026

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What you'll learn

How to plan, carry out and evaluate a geographical enquiry.

The enquiry process

  1. Hypothesis/aim: a clear, testable statement.
  2. Data collection: primary (fieldwork you do) and secondary (existing sources); choose a sampling method (random, systematic, stratified).
  3. Presentation: suitable graphs, maps and diagrams.
  4. Analysis and conclusion: describe patterns, refer to data, answer the hypothesis.
  5. Evaluation: limitations and improvements.

Fieldwork techniques

  • Examples: river measurements (width, depth, velocity), pedestrian/traffic counts, land-use surveys, questionnaires and environmental quality surveys.

Exam tips

  • Justify why a technique or sampling method suits the enquiry.
  • Always evaluate reliability and suggest improvements.

Common mistakes

  • Vague hypotheses that cannot be tested.
  • Choosing an unsuitable graph for the data.
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