What you'll learn
How countries try to develop and reduce the gap.
Strategies
- Aid (bilateral, multilateral) and fair trade.
- TNCs bring investment but can exploit resources.
- Top-down (large, government-led) vs bottom-up (local, community) projects.
Sustainability
- Investing in human capital (education, health) supports long-term development.
Exam tips
- Compare top-down and bottom-up projects with examples.
- Evaluate the role of TNCs.
Common mistakes
- Confusing top-down and bottom-up approaches.
- Only giving negatives of TNCs.