Changes in Medicine, c.1848–c.1948

What you'll learn

A century of rapid medical and public-health progress.

Key themes

• Cholera and John Snow's water-pump discovery.
• Pasteur's germ theory and Lister's antiseptics.
• Nightingale and nursing reform; Fleming and penicillin; the NHS (1948).

Exam tips

• Explain the factors driving change (science, government, individuals).
• Use named individuals as evidence.

Common mistakes

• Confusing Snow, Pasteur and Lister.
• No explanation of causes of change.