CXC · CSEC · Human and Social Biology
CXC CSEC Human and Social Biology Syllabus
The complete CXC CSEC Human and Social Biology specification mapped to 170 topics. Click any topic for free revision notes and practice questions.
Adolescence
physical, emotional and social changes
Air pollution
sources, effects on health and control
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Blood vessels
arteries, veins and capillaries
structure and functions of arteries, veins and capillaries
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Carbohydrates
structure, types and functions
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Cardiovascular diseases
causes, risk factors and prevention
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Cell division
mitosis and meiosis
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Chemical composition of living organisms
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, water and mineral salts
Common communicable diseases
causes, symptoms, treatment and prevention
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Common diseases in the Caribbean
causes, effects and control
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Dental health
structure of teeth, types, care and disease
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Diabetes mellitus
types, causes, symptoms and management
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Drugs
types, effects and misuse (including alcohol and narcotics)
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Ecosystems
biotic and abiotic factors, food chains and food webs
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Endocrine system
glands, hormones and their effects
Environmental pollution
types, sources, effects and control
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Enzymes
structure, function, factors affecting enzyme activity
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Enzymes in digestion
types, sites and products
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Excretion
organs of excretion and their roles
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Family planning
methods of contraception
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Female reproductive system
structures and functions
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Food tests
Benedict's, iodine, biuret and emulsion tests
Gametogenesis
spermatogenesis and oogenesis
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Gaseous exchange
structure of the respiratory system
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Genetic diseases
sickle cell anaemia, haemophilia and Down syndrome
Genetic disorders
sickle-cell anaemia, haemophilia, Down syndrome
Genetics
chromosomes, genes and alleles
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DNA structure, genes, alleles and chromosomes
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Growth and development
stages of the human life cycle
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Health education and promotion
concepts of health, disease prevention and healthy lifestyle
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HIV/AIDS
transmission, progression, effects and prevention
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Homeostasis
regulation of blood glucose, body temperature and water balance
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Hormonal regulation of blood glucose
insulin and glucagon
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Human population
growth, demographic features and consequences
Human reproduction
male and female reproductive systems
Joints
types and functions
Kidney diseases and renal failure
dialysis and transplant
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Levels of organisation
tissues, organs and organ systems
tissues, organs and systems
Lipids
structure, types and functions
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Lymphatic system
structure and functions
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Male reproductive system
structures and functions
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Malnutrition
undernutrition, overnutrition and related diseases
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Mechanism of breathing
inspiration and expiration
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Microbiology
types of microorganisms, their characteristics and importance
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Microorganisms
types, characteristics and roles
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Minerals
sources, functions and deficiency diseases
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Monohybrid inheritance
dominant and recessive traits, Mendelian ratios
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Muscles
types and mechanism of movement
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types, structure and mechanism of movement (antagonistic pairs)
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Mutation
types, causes and effects
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Mutations
types, causes and effects
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Neurones
structure, types and nerve impulse transmission
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Neurons
structure, types and nerve impulse transmission
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Non-communicable diseases
cancer, diabetes, hypertension
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causes, risk factors and prevention
Nutrient cycles
carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle
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Nutrition
classes of nutrients and their functions
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Patterns of inheritance
monohybrid crosses and Mendel's laws
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Pregnancy
development of the embryo and foetus
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foetal development, the placenta and birth
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Proteins
structure, types and functions
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Respiration
aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Respiratory diseases
causes, symptoms and prevention
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Sense organs
the ear — structure, hearing and balance
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the eye — structure and functions
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the eye and the ear
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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
causes, transmission, symptoms and prevention
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Structure of the nervous system
CNS and PNS
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Structure of the skeleton
axial and appendicular
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The body's defence mechanisms
non-specific and specific immunity
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The body's defences against disease
non-specific and specific immunity
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The brain
regions and their functions
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The endocrine system
glands, hormones and their functions
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The human circulatory system
heart structure and cardiac cycle
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The human digestive system
structures, secretions and digestion
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The human nervous system
central and peripheral nervous systems
The human respiratory system
structure and mechanism of breathing
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The human skeleton
structure, types of bone and functions
The human urinary system
structure and functions of the kidney
The liver
structure and functions
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The lymphatic system
structure and functions
The placenta
structure and functions
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The spinal cord
structure and functions
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Urine formation
filtration, reabsorption and osmoregulation
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filtration, reabsorption and secretion
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Use and abuse of drugs
types, effects and social impact
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Variation
continuous and discontinuous variation, causes of variation
Vitamins
sources, functions and deficiency diseases
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Water and dietary fibre
roles in the body
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Water pollution
sources, effects on health and control
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Water supply
purification and treatment
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All topics
A balanced diet and dietary requirements across life stages
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Absorption and assimilation of digested food
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Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
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Antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance
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Beneficial uses of microorganisms
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Blood groups and blood transfusion
Cardiovascular diseases and disorders
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Cell Biology and Organisation
Cell structure and function
Cell structure and organisation
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Codominance and multiple alleles including ABO blood groups
Composition and functions of blood
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Composition and properties of blood
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Composition of inhaled and exhaled air
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Conservation of natural resources and biodiversity
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Coordination and Response
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Defence against Disease
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Diffusion, osmosis and active transport
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Diseases and disorders of the musculo-skeletal system
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Diseases and disorders of the nervous and endocrine systems
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Diseases and disorders of the respiratory system
Diseases and disorders of the skeletal-muscular system
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Diseases and disorders of the urinary system
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Diseases and Their Impact on Humans
Dominance, recessiveness, codominance and sex-linkage
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Ecology and the Environment
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Effects of smoking on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems
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Energy flow through ecosystems
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Excretion
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Fertilisation and implantation
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Fertilisation, implantation and early development
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Food spoilage, food preservation and food hygiene
Functions of the skeleton
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Gas exchange in the lungs and tissues
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Genetic counselling and ethical issues
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Growth and development across the human life cycle
Health and Disease
Health Practices and the Environment
Health promotion and the role of health organisations (local, regional and international)
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Heredity and Variation
Housing and its effects on health
Immunisation and vaccination
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Immunisation and vaccines
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Life Processes
Living Organisms and the Environment
Malnutrition, deficiency diseases and dietary-related disorders
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Mechanical and chemical digestion
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Menstrual cycle and hormonal regulation
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Natural selection and evolution
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Nervous versus hormonal coordination
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Nutrition
Occupational health and safety hazards
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Osmoregulation and hormonal control of water balance (ADH)
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Parturition and lactation
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Population
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Population growth and its effects on health and resources
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Pulmonary and systemic circulation
Reflex action and reflex arcs
Reproduction and Parental Care
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Respiration and Gaseous Exchange
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Sewage treatment and disposal
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Sex determination and sex-linked inheritance
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Sex determination in humans
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Sexually Transmitted Infections
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Solid waste management and disposal methods
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Structure and functions of the heart
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Structure and functions of the kidney
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Structure and functions of the skin
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Structure of the human alimentary canal
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Support and Locomotion
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The cardiac cycle and control of heartbeat
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The reflex arc and reflex actions
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Thermoregulation and temperature control
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Transmission and spread of communicable diseases
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Transport
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Types of joints and movement
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Vector control and pest management
Water supply, sewage treatment and waste disposal
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